英语修辞( 三 ) _生活百科

文章插图
相关资料9.拟人(Personification) 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。例如：… four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(……四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落，它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作，作者给自然的花草赋予了生命，使它人格化。10. 夸张(Hyperbole）夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，藉以突出事物的某种特徵或品格，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。例如：Vingo sat stunned,looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs—20 of them,30 of them,maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢——二十条，三十条，或许几百条。)此句中20 of them,30 of them,maybe hundreds就是运用了夸张的手法，主观地渲染了气氛。11.反语(Irony) 英语修辞格irony就是说反话，用反面的话来表达正面的意思。这种修辞格可用来进行讽刺，但多数是用来表达一种善意的幽默或俏皮，故意说出与本意相反的话，例如：Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it (the cheque ) up. Her present,her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore itsintoslittle bits. (老太太慢慢地弯下腰，把支票从地上捡起来，她的礼物，她的可爱的礼物！用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。)老太太八十岁寿辰那天，急切地盼望女儿回家看望她，稍稍安慰她那颗孤寂的心，然而盼来的却是女儿的一张冷冰冻的支票，这当然不是老人心爱的礼物。故此处her lovely present是典型的irony，是句反话。12.类比(Analogy）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 13.Metaphor(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联繫和相似之处是暗含的。For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store 。14.chiasmus(交叉)交叉(chiasmus)是英语中一种常用的修辞方式。例如：Knowing something of everything and everything of something.着名学者周海中教授曾在《论英语交叉结构》一文中对这一常用的修辞方式作了全面而深入的研究。他认为，这一修辞格具有很高的美学价值和积极的修辞作用。分类保留原文即： to find an equivalent image. 如：Ani began pounding and yelling to be let out as the car screeched from the parking lot. But rock music blaring from the radio speakers drowned him out. 试译：当汽车从停车场急速驶过时，Ani开始猛烈敲打和大声呼喊，但是从车内喇叭发出的摇滚音乐淹没了他发出的声音。再如：The policemen who patrolled the big city slum area that summer were sitting on a volcano. 那年夏天，在城市大贫民区巡逻的警察如同坐在火山口上。实行翻译“补偿原则”所谓以补偿方法译比喻，就是在寻找对等形象无门的情况下，使用变通的方法，儘可能地对译文中比喻形象的流失作某些补偿，以求得译文与原文大致相等的可读性。如：Cavorting and diving at breathtaking speeds,the beautiful birds (指鹰) mirrored each other in flight. A. 在空中翻飞嬉戏，时作闪电式俯冲，矫健的鹰双双携游于碧空。B. 在空中翻飞嬉戏，时作闪电式俯冲，矫健的鹰比翼齐飞，形影相随。再如：But after six years of a stormy marriage,Cewe decided to end it. She didn’t want her son to grow up thinking that kind of relationship was normal. 试译：六载婚姻生活，风雨交加，Cewe决定结束这种婚姻。她不愿让她儿子在这样的环境里长大成人，并误以为这样的关係是正常的。又如：Rudy knew they had severed the wrong rope and that it was the thick tow line that trapped him. “Try cutting the other rope!” said Rudy,his hopes,and his grip,eroding. 试译：Rudy发现他们割错了绳子，是那根粗的牵引绳缠住了他。“把另一根绳子割断！”Rudy说。此刻，他的希望，他的握力，似油将尽、灯将灭。再如：The following week was family conference,something I dreaded. This was the day the dirty laundry got hung out to air in a private session between parent,child and counselor. 试译：下周将开家长会，这正是我害怕的。在这一天，家长、孩子和辅导员将开私下的碰头会，列数孩子做的坏事。再如：The operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies. 手术不一定成功，能否保住他的生命没有把握。